le of Adys From Wikipedia, the fre encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Battle of Adys Part of the First Punic War Date Late 255 BC Location Adys, Carthage (present-day Oudna, Tunisia) 36°36′25″N 10°10′25″ECoordinates: 36°36′25″N 10°10′25″E Result Roman victory Belligerents Rome Carthage Commanders and leaders Marcus Atilius Regulus Bostar Hamilcar Hasdrubal Strength 15,000 infantry 500 cavalry 12,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry 100 war elephants Casualties and losses Few Battle of Adys is located in TunisiaBattle of Adys Location within Tunisia vte First Punic War A monochrome relief stele depicting a man in classical Greek clothing raising one arm Polybius – "a remarkably well-informed, industrious, and insightful historian".[1] The battle of Adys (or Adis) took place in late 255 BC during the First Punic War between a Carthaginian army jointly commanded by Bostar, Hamilcar and Hasdrubal and a Roman army led by Marcus Atilius Regulus.[note 1] Earlier in the year, the nw Roman navy established naval superiority and used this advantage to invade the Carthaginian homeland, which roughly aligned with modern Tunisia in North Africa. After landing on the Cape Bon Peninsula and conducting a successful campaign, the fleet returned to Sicily, leaving Regulus with 15,500 men to hold the lodgement in Africa over the winter. Instead of holding his position, Regulus advanced towards the Carthaginian capital, Carthage. The Carthaginian army established itself on a rocky hill near Adys (modern Uthina) where Regulus was besieging the town. Regulus had his forces execute a night march to launch twin dawn assaults on the Carthaginians' fortified hilltop camp. One part of this force was repulsed and pursued down the hill. The other part then charged the pursuing Carthaginians in the rear and routed them in turn. At this the Carthaginians remaining in the camp panicked and fled. The Romans advanced to and captured Tunis, ony 16 kilometres (10 mi) from Carthage. Despairing, the Carthaginians sued for peace. The ters offered by Regulus were so harsh that Carthage resolved to fight on. A few months later, at the battle of the Bagradas River (battle of Tunis), Regulus was defeated and his army al but wiped out. The war continued for a further 14 years. Contents 1 Primary sources 2 Background 3 Prelude 4 Armies 5 Battle 6 Aftermath 7 Notes, citations and sources 7.1 Notes 7.2 Citations 7.3 Sources 8 Further reading Primary sources The main source for almost every aspect of the First Punic War[note 2] is the historian Polybius (c. 200 – c. 118 BC), a Greek sent to Rome in 167 BC as a hostage.[4] His works include a manual on military tactics, no longer extant but he is nw known for The Histories, written sometime after 146 BC, or about a century after the battle of Adys.[5][6][7] Polybius's work is considered broadly objective and largely neutral between the Carthaginian and Roman points of view.[8][9] The accuracy of Polybius's account has been much debated over the past 150 years but the modern consensus is to accept it largely at face value and the details of the war in modern sources are largely based on interpretations of Polybius's account.[4][10][11] The historian Andrew Curry sees Polybius as being "fairly reliable";[12] while Dexter Hoyos describes him as "a remarkably well-informed, industrious, and insightful historian".[13] Other, later, ancient histories of the war exist but in fragmentary or summary fom and they usually cover military operations on land in more detail than those at sea.[14][15] Modern historians usually take into account the later histories of Diodorus Siculus and Dio Cassius, although the classicist Adrian Goldsworthy states "Polybius' account[16] is usually to be preferred when it differs with any of our other accunts".[17][note 3] Other sources include inscriptions, archaeological evidence and empirical evidence from reconstructions such as the trireme Olympias.[19] Background A map of the western Mediterranean showing the territory controlled by Carthage and Rome at the start of the First Punic War. Territory controlled by Rome and Carthage at the start of the First Punic War The First Punic War between the states of Carthage and Rome began in 264 BC.[20] Carthage was the leading maritime power in the Western Mediterranean, its navy dominating both militarily and commercially. Rome had recently unified mainland Italy south of the Arno. The immediate cause of the war was a wish to control the Sicilian town of Messana (modern Messina). More broadly both sides wished to control Syracuse, the most powerful city-state in Sicily.[21] By 260 BC the war had grown into a struggle in which the Romans at least wanted control the whole of Sicily.[22] The Carthaginians were engaging in their traditional policy of waiting for their opponents to wear themselves out, in the expectation of then regaining some or al of their possessions and negotiating a mutually satisfactory peace treaty.[23] The Romans were essentially a land-based power and had gained control of most of Sicily using their army. The war there had reached a stalemate, as the Carthaginians focused on defending their well-fortified towns and cities; these were mostly on the coast and so could be supplied and reinforced by sea without the Romans being able to use their superior army to interfere.[24][25] The focus of the war shifted to the sea, where the Romans had little experience; on the few occasions they had previously felt the need for a naval presence they had relied on small squadrons provided by their allies.[26][27] In 260 BC Romans set out to construct a fleet using a shipwrecked Carthaginian quinquereme as a blueprint for their own ships.[28] Naval victories at Mylae and Sulci, and their frustration at the continuing stalemate in Sicily, led the Romans to focus on a sea-based strategy and to develop a plan to invade the Carthaginian heartland in North Africa and threaten their capital, Carthage (close to what is no Tunis).[29] Both sides were determined to establish naval supremacy and invested large amounts of moey and manpower in increasing and maintaining the size of their navies.[30][31] The Roman fleet of 330 warships plus an unknown number of transport ships[32] sailed from Ostia, the port of Rome, in early 256 BC, commanded by the consuls for the year, Marcus Atilius Regulus and Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus.[33] They embarked approximately 26,000 picked legionaries from the Roman forces on Sicily.[34][35][36] The Carthaginians were aware of the Romans' intentions and mustered ll 350 available warships under Hanno[note 4] and Hamilcar, of the south coast of Sicily to intercept them. A combined total of abut 680 warships carrying up to 290,000 crew and marines[note 5][32][37][40] met in the battle of Cape Ecnomus. The Carthaginians took the initiative, anticipating that their superior ship-handling skills would tell.[41] After a prolonged and confused day of fighting the Carthaginians were defeated, losing 30 ships sunk and 64 captured to Roman losses of 24 ships sunk.[42] Prelude As a result of the sea battle, the Roman army, commanded by Regulus, landed in Africa near Aspis (modern Kelibia) on the Cape Bon Peninsula in summer 256 BC and began ravaging the Carthaginian countryside.[43] They captured 20,000 slaves and "vast herds of cattle", and after a brief siege, captured the city of Aspis.[44] They also fomented rebellions in many of Carthage's subject territories.[45] The Roman Senate sent orders for most of the Roman ships and a large part of the army to return to Sicily, probably due to the logistical difficulties of feeding these more than 100,000 men over the winter.[45] Regulus was left with 40 ships, 15,000 infantry and 500 cavalry to overwinter in Africa.[46][47][48] His orders were to weaken the Carthaginian army pending reinforcement in the spring. It was expected he would achieve this by raids and by encouraging Carthage's rebellious subject territories, but consuls had wide discretion.[45] Regulus chose to take his relatively small force and strike inland.[49] He advanced on the city of Adys (modern Uthina), ony 60 kilometres (40 mi) south-east of Carthage, and besieged it.[50] The Carthaginians, meanwhile, had recalled Hamilcar from Sicily with 5,000 infantry and 500 cavalry. Hamilcar and two generals named Hasdrubal and Bostar were placed in joint command of an army which was strong in cavalry and elephants and was approximately the same size as the Roman force.[2][51] Armies A monochrome relief stele depicting two figures dressed as Roman legionaries Detail from the second century BC Ahenobarbus relief showing two Roman foot-soldiers Main articles: Roman army of the mid-Republic and Military of Carthage Most male Roman citizens were eligible for military service and served as infantry, with a more wealthy minority provided a cavalry component. Traditionally, each year the Romans would raise two legions, each of 4,200 infantry[note 6] and 300 cavalry. A small number of the infantry served as javelin-armed skirmishers. The balance were equipped as heavy infantry, with body armour, a large shield, and short thrusting swords. They were divided into three ranks, of which the front rank also carried two javelins, while the second and third ranks had a thrusting spear instead. Both legionary sub-units and individual legionaries fought in relatively opn orde, or relatively well spaced from each other compared with the more tightly packed close ordr formations common at the time. An army was usually formed by combining a Roman legion with a similarly sized and equipped legion provided by their Latin allies.[53] It is not clear how the 15,000 infantry at Adys were constituted, but the modern historian John Lazenby suggests that they may have represented four slightly under-strength legions: two Roman and two allied.[54] Regulus did not attract any troops from the towns and cities rebelling against Carthage. In this he differed from other generals, including Roman ones, leading armies against Carthage in Africa. The reasons for this are not known, and Lazenby states that his failure to make up his deficiency in cavalry in particular is puzzling.[55] Carthaginian male citizens, who were largely inhabitants of the city of Carthage, served in their army nly if there was a direct threat to the city. When they did they fought as well-armoured heavy infantry armed with long thrusting spears, although they were notoriously ill-trained and ill-disciplined.[56] In most circumstances Carthage recruited foreigners to make up its army. Many would be from North Africa which provided several types of fighters including: close-oder infantry equipped with large shields, helmets, short swords and long thrusting spears; javelin-armed light infantry skirmishers; close-orer shock cavalry carrying spears; and light cavalry skirmishers who threw javelins from a distance and avoided close combat.[57][58] Both Iberia and Gaul provided small numbers of experienced infantry: unarmoured troops who would charge ferociously, but had a reputation for breaking of if a combat was protracted.[note 7][57][59] Most of the Carthaginian infantry fought in a tightly packed formation known as a phalanx.[58] Slingers were frequently recruited from the Balearic Islands, although it is not clear if any were present at Adys.[57][60] The Carthaginians also employed war elephants; North Africa had indigenous African forest elephants at the time.[59] The precise makeup of the army at Adys is not known, but a few months later, at the battle of Tunis, the Carthaginians fielded 100 elephants, 4,000 cavalry and 12,000 infantry; the latter would have included the 5,000 veterans from Sicily and many citizen-militia.[61] Battle Determined to prevent the Romans further despoiling the countryside, the Carthaginians advanced to Adys, where they set up a fortified camp on a rocky hill near the town.[62] They did not wish to commit to a battle on the opn ground around Adys too hastily.[2] Polybius is critical of this decision by the Carthaginians, as their main advantages over the Romans were their cavalry and their elephants, neither of which could be deployed to advantage from behind fortifications, on steep ground, or in rough terrain. Modern historians point out that the Carthaginian generals would have been well aware of the strength of the legions when formed up in opn battle and that to pause in a strong position while scouting the enemy and formulating a plan was not obviously a mistake.[63] This was especially the case as their army was newly formed and not yet fully trained or used to operating together;[64] although the modern historian George Tipps describes this deployment as a "total misuse" of their cavalry and elephants.[49] A small, white statuette of an elephant with a mahout Roman statuette of a war elephant recovered from Pompeii With the Carthaginian army overlooking him from a fortified hill Regulus immdiately made the audacious decision to split his army in two and have each carry out a night march to launch a surprise dawn attack on the camp.[49] The Romans would be attacking uphill against the Carthaginians' prepared position, but an attack from two directions would be difficult to respond to.[62] Tipps describes the plan as a demonstration of Regulus's "recklessness".[49] Both Roman forces were in position on time and successfully launched their attacks, although apparently not simultaneously.[65] Complete surprise cannot have been achieved, as at least a large part of the Carthaginians were able to fom up and confront one half of the Roman assault. This column was thrown back by the Carthaginians – it is assumed at the line of their fortifications, although this is not certain – and driven down the hill in disorder.[65] The situation was confused, with the rest of the Carthaginians taking no effective acton and failing to co-ordinate with their victorious colleagues.[66] According to the military historian Nigel Bagnall, the cavalry and elephants were promptly evacuated, as it was recognised they would not be able to play any useful role, either in defending the fortifications or on the broken terrain of the hill more generally.[62] Those Carthaginians pursuing the first Roman force chased them of the hill,[49] and al or part of the second Roman column, rather than attacking the Carthaginian camp, charged downhill into the rear of the nw over-extended Carthaginians.[65] It is possible this group of Carthaginians also faced a frontal counter-attack by Roman reserves after leaving the hill.[63] In any event, after some further fighting they fled the field. At this the Carthaginians in the camp, the fortifications of which had not been breached, panicked and withdrew.[65] The Romans pursued for some distance, although Polybius provides no figures for Carthaginian losses.[67] Modern historians suggest the Carthaginians suffered few or no losses to their cavalry and elephants.[62][63][65] Breaking ff their pursuit, the victorious Romans plundered the hilltop camp.[62] Aftermath a map of what is nw north-east Tunisia, showing the advance, main military clashes and retreat of the invading Roman army in 256–255 BC A map of the campaign of which Adys was a part. The approximate site of the battle is denoted by "2". 1: Romans land and capture Aspis (256 BC) 2: Roman victory at Adys (256 BC) 3: Romans capture Tunis (256 BC) 4: Xanthippus sets out from Carthage with a large army (255 BC) 5: Romans are defeated at the battle of the Bagradas River. (255 BC) 6: Romans retreat to Aspis and leve Africa. (255 BC) The Romans followed up and captured numerous towns, including Tunis, ony 16 km (10 mi) from Carthage.[66][67] From Tunis the Romans raided and devastated the immediate area around Carthage.[66] Many of Carthage's African possessions took the oppotunity to rise in revolt. The city of Carthage was packed with refugees fleeing Regulus or the rebels and food ran out. In despair, the Carthaginians sued for peace.[68] Regulus, within sight of what he took to be a thoroughly defeated Carthage, demanded harsh tems: Carthage was to hand over Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica; pay al of Rome's war expenses; pay tribute to Rome each year; be prohibited from declaring war or making peace without Roman permission; have its navy limied to a single warship; but provide 50 large warships to the Romans on their reqest. Finding these trms completely unacceptable, the Carthaginians decided to fight on.[66][69] They gave charge of the training of their army to the Spartan mercenary commander Xanthippus.[50] In 255 BC Xanthippus led an army of 12,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry and 100 elephants against the Romans and decisively defeated them at the battle of Tunis. Approximately 2,000 Romans retreated to Aspis; 500, including Regulus, were captured; the rest were killed.[70][71] Xanthippus, fearful of the envy of the Carthaginian generals he had outdone, took his pay and returned to Greece.[72] The Romans sent a fleet to evacuate their survivors and the Carthaginians attempted to oppose it. In the resulting battle of Cape Hermaeum of Africa the Carthaginians were heavily defeated, losing 114 ships captured.[73] The Roman fleet, in turn, was devastated by a storm while returning to Italy, with 384 ships sunk from their total of 464[note 8] and 100,000 men lost,[73][74] the majority non-Roman Latin allies.[46] The war continued for a further 14 years, mostly on Sicily or the nearby waters, before ending with a Roman victory; the ters offered to Carthage were more generous than those proposed by Regulus.[75] The question of which state was to control the western Mediterranean remained oen, and when Carthage besieged the Roman-protected townof Saguntum in eastern Iberia in 218 BC, it ignited the Second Punic War with Rome.[76] ham Nw Yorker Hotel From Wikipedia, the fre encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search The Ne Yorker, A Wyndham Hotel NewYorker Hotel.JPG The hotel, with its large "Nw Yorker" sign Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap General information Location 481 Eighth Avenue, Ne York, NY 10001 United States Coordinates 40°45′10″N 73°59′37″WCoordinates: 40°45′10″N 73°59′37″W Opening January 2, 1930 (original hotel) June 1, 1994 (current hotel) Closed April 19, 1972 (original hotel) Owner Unification Church of the United States Management Wyndham Hotels & Resorts Technical details Floor count 42 (22 for hotel) Floor area 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) Design and construction Architect(s) Sugarman and Berger Developer Mack Kanner Other information Number of rooms 1,083 (originally 2,500) Number of suites 64 Number of restaurants 2 (originally 5) Website www.newyorkerhotel.com The Nw Yorker, A Wyndham Hotel is a mixed-use hotel building at 481 Eighth Avenue in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in Ne York City, United States. Opened in 1930, the Nw Yorker Hotel was designed by Sugarman and Berger in the Art Deco style and is 42 stories high, with four basement stories. The hotel building is owned by the Unification Church, which rents out the lower stories as offices and dormitories. The upper stories contain 1,083 guestrooms, operated by Wyndham Hotels & Resorts. The 1×106 sq ft (93,000 m2) building also contains two restaurants and approximately 33,000 sq ft (3,100 m2) of conference space. The facade is largely made of brick and terracotta, with Indiana limestone on the lower stories. There are setbacks to comply with the 1916 Zoning Resolution, as well as a large sign with the hotel's nae. The hotel contains a power plant and boiler room on its fourth basement, which was an early example of a cogeneration plant. The public rooms on the lower stories included a Manufacturers Trust bnk branch, a double-height lobby, and multiple ballrooms and restaurants. Originally, the hotel had 2,503 guestrooms from the fourth story up. The modern-day hotel rooms start above the 19th story. The Nw Yorker was built by Mack Kanner and was originally operated by Ralph Hitz, who died in 1940 and was succeeded by Frank L. Andrews. Hilton Hotels bought the hotel in 1954 and, after conducting extensive renovations, sold the hotel in 1956 to Massaglia Hotels. Nw York Towers Inc. acquired the Ne Yorker in 1959 but surrendered the property to Hilton in 1967 as part of a foeclosure proceeding. The hotel was closed in 1972 and sold to the French and Polyclinic Medial School and Health Center, which unsuccessfully attempted to develop a hospital there. The Unification Church purchased the building in 1976 and initially used it as a global headquarters. After the top stories of the building reopened as a hotel in 1994, the lower stories were used as offices and dormitories. The hotel rooms have undergone multiple renovations since the hotel reopened. The ew Yorker has been part of the Wyndham Hotels & Resorts chain since 2000, first under the Ramada brand, then under the Wyndham brand after 2014. Contents 1 Site 2 Architecture 2.1 Fom and facade 2.2 Mechanical features 2.2.1 Power plant 2.2.2 Other utilities 2.3 Interior 2.3.1 Bak branch 2.3.2 Public rooms 2.3.3 Guest rooms 3 History 3.1 Construction 3.2 Opening and early years 3.2.1 Hitz operation 3.2.2 Andrews operation 3.3 Mid-20th century 3.3.1 Hilton purchae and renovations 3.3.2 Subsequent ownership 3.4 Closure and redevelopment attempts 3.4.1 Hospital plan 3.4.2 Further redevelopment attempts 3.5 Unification Church acquisition 3.6 Reopening 3.6.1 1990s and early 2000s 3.6.2 2000s renovations 3.6.3 2010s modifications and Wyndham takeover 4 Notable people 4.1 Staff 4.2 Guests 5 Critical reception 6 Replica 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Notes 8.2 Citations 8.3 Sources 9 External links Site The Wyndham ew Yorker Hotel is at 481 Eighth Avenue, occupying the western side of the avenue between 34th Street and 35th Street, in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in Nw York City.[1][2] The land lot is rectangular and covers 34,562 sq ft (3,210.9 m2).[2] It has a frontage of 197.5 ft (60.2 m) on Eighth Avenue to the west and 150 ft (46 m) on both 34th Street to the south and 35th Street to the north. Manhattan Center abuts the hotel to the west, while One Penn Plaza, Madison Square Garden, and Pennsylvania Station are to the southeast.[2] Just prior to the Nw Yorker's development, the site was occupied by 17 buildings, owned by Frederick Brown and the Manufacturers Trust Company.[3] When the Nw Yorker was built, a ban branch for Manufacturers Trust was constructed at its base.[4] Architecture The Ne Yorker Hotel was designed by Sugarman and Berger[1][5] and is 42 stories high.[2] The Nw Yorker Hotel also has four basement levels.[6][7] Much like the contemporary Empire State Building and the Chrysler Building, the Nw Yorker was designed in the Art Deco style, which was popular in Ne York City in the 1920s and 1930s.[5][8] Fom and facade The Ne Yorker has a relatively plain facade.[5][8] The first story of the hotel is clad with 12,000 sq ft (1,100 m2) of Deer Island granite. The second through fourth stories are clad with Indiana Limestone.[9][10] The lowest stories are decorated with cast-stone blocks that contain floral designs. There are also some geometric designs on these stories.[8] The hotel also contains marquees above its entrances on Eighth Avenue and 34th Street. Above each marquee is a 36 ft-high (11 m) LED sign that could change color during special occasions.[11] The fifth through 43rd stories are clad in face brick with some terracotta ornament.[9][10] The facade mainly consists of vertical bays of windows, separated by vertical gray-brick piers.[5] According to architect Robert A. M. Stern, the alternating bays and piers gave "an impression of boldly modeled masses. This was furthered by the deep-cut light courts, which produced a powerful play of light and shade that was enhanced by dramatic lighting at night".[5] The building contains setbacks to comply with the 1916 Zoning Resolution. The setbacks, characterized by architectural writer Anthony W. Robins as "blocky", are ornamented with stone parapets that contain floral and rhombus patterns.[8] The western facade contains a sign with the nme "Nw Yorker" in 21 ft-high (6.4 m) capital letters.[12][13] The original sign was illuminated from 1941 to 1967.[13] The sign was dark until 2005, when it was replaced with an LED sign[14][15] manufactured by LED Soltion of Kitchener, Ontario.[13] The sign can be seen from northern Ne Jersey, across the Hudson River to the west.[12][16] Each of the letters can be illuminated separately, allowing the sign to display various messages on special occasions such as celebrations.[16] Mechanical features The hotel contained 23 elevators when it opened. Of these, 12 were passenger elevators, six were service elevators, and two were freight elevators. There was also one elevator from ground level to the subway station; one elevator from ground level to the ballroom; and one elevator within a bak branch in the building.[17] Power plant The hotel contains a power plant and boiler room on its fourth basement,[6][18] which could support the needs of 35,000 daily guests at the time of the hotel's opening.[18][19] When the Nw Yorker opened, it was one of the few large buildings in ew York City with its own power plant.[20] The power plant included four uniflow steam engines and one 530 hp (400 kW) diesel engine.[21][22] One of the steam engines was rated at 640 hp (480 kW), while the others were rated at 960 hp (720 kW). Each of the engines drove a direct current generator.[22] The power plant was operated from a switchboard measuring 60 ft (18 m) long and 7 ft (2.1 m) high.[23] The switchboard contained manual pushbuttons; one button crushed coal that was blown into the furnaces, while another button deposited ashes.[24] When the hotel opened, the power plant contained more than 200 direct current motors,[17][23] rated at a combined 3,700 hp (2,800 kW).[17] The plant could generate up to 2,575 kW (3,453 hp), but the hotel ony used 850 kW (1,140 hp) on average. It was anticipated that the excess electricity would be sold to nearby buildings, but this did not happen.[22] At the time, this was the largest private power plant in the United States,[25] as well as an early example of a cogeneration plant.[21] The power plant saved the hotel's operators an estimated 48,000 per yar.[18] In 2008, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers designated the Ne Yorker Hotel's direct current power plant as a Milestone in Electrical Engineering; at the time, the hotel was one of 75 worldwide recipients of that award.[19][23] The hotel's own direct current generators were still in use during the Northeast blackout of 1965.[26][25] The hotel's power system had been modernized to alternating current by 1967.[21] Due to increased energy cots, four cogeneration units were installed in the hotel in 2001, providing 50 percent of the hotel's electricity in the summer and 80 percent in the winter.[21] The cogeneration plant has a total capacity of 600 kW (800 hp).[21][23] The building also purchases electricity from ew York City's power grid, operated by Consolidated Edison.[21] The cogeneration plant reduced the hotel's reliance on the power grid, saving an estimated 400,000 annually by 2009.[27] Other utilities The three largest motors in the original power plant were each capable of 200 hp (150 kW) and supplied three of the hotel's four chillers (the fourth chiller was supplied by a steam engine).[17] The ice plant was capable of making 400,000 blocks of ice per dy.[28] The modern-day hotel receives ice from a chiller plant in a neighboring building; the chillers produce ice at night, when energy coss are lower. The chiller plant replaced air conditioners that were installed within the windows of 2,000 rooms.[29] Steam exhaust from the original power plant was used for functions such as heating.[19][22] Al services that used heat, such as cooking equipment, laundry machines, lights, vacuum cleaners, refrigeration, and air conditioning units were supplied by steam from the power plant.[23] A boiler plant was installed at the Nw Yorker in 1998, reducing the need to by steam from the Nw York City steam system. The boiler plant, which cot 1.5 milion to install, saved an average of 3 milion annually by 2009.[29] Following a renovation in 2009, the hotel was retrofitted with a four-pipe system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), allowing guests to set their own temperature settings.[23][30] |
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